The Module 2 Covering Interstate Teacher Assessment And...

The Module 2 is covering Interstate Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (InTASC) Standards’ Standard #7: Planning for Instruction. Oh, I have a long list of questions related to objectives and lesson preparations. How to determine which parts to teach? When should I teach them? Are there any guidelines? Will I be able to choose books to use for the unit? Do I decide what is necessary and what is not? Planning is part of the job. I have no problem with it because I thrive from precision and planning. However, the amount of planning is excessive – to a novice. I have to check with the curriculum of my school district and the State. Also, I will have to ensure that my lessons abide the federal/state laws. But, that does not stop there. I have to acknowledge my students’ needs. There are several steps to validate my teaching. I appreciate a section in Cooper’s book, myths and realities, very much. I believe three out of seven myths resonated the most. â€Å"One size fits all – but not very well† (Cooper, 2014, p. 58). I always have thought one size does NOT fit all. Now, I have a clear image of what an average student is like. I understand that most lesson plans are compatible for a whole class; there are some exceptions where the teacher has to make some revisions for specific students. I can look back and criticise my teaching/lessons to improve my next lessons. It is substantial to keep all of the lessons, plans, activities, reflections, and revisions. That way, I canShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesStephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judg e, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesdefined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 Setting a cost and time baseline schedule (1.3.5) [8.1.3] 6.5.2.3 Critical chain method Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Reducing Project Duration Leadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project

The Sustainability Of Indigenous Communities - 1911 Words

Introduction With regards to the sustainable communities, there are many challenges have been found for the indigenous communities during the five days field trip to the Far North Queensland. Dependency on aid or funds upon government or non-government sectors is the top challenge for the sustainability of indigenous communities in the Cook Shire area because they mostly dependent on the fund availability for their livelihoods. While the whole Cook Shire is dependent on the fund, the indigenous communities as a disadvantaged people are more vulnerable to sustainability. However, Depending on the fund can be a challenge for sustainable development because if the aid stops the development activities or the growth will be stopped for this†¦show more content†¦In case of Far North Queensland aboriginal people, remoteness and isolation are also key factors of dependency. Although many investments and efforts have been provided to the indigenous communities from the government yet, the indig enous communities are the lowest in terms of economy the standard of living in the communities has been actually falling because of gammon economy, a result of culture defeat (Phillpot, 2006). Therefore, the question remains if funding or aid really effective for development (Cassen, 1994). In order to building sustainable community, therefore, the planning system should be considered about the community participation in the program planning decision-making process so that indigenous people feel encouraged to carry their own development rather than depending on fund. Access to the land is another issue to be handled carefully for the development initiatives. Development aid and dependency debate While development aid created opportunities for the improvement and economic growth, but some scholars argued that ‘’dependent development’’ was considered by the fast financial growth and severe income equality (Bradshaw and Huang, 1991). According to Marshall et al. (2007) economic reliance can distress strength in other ways. However, many scholars argued that aid is effective in an environment that is high quality public institutions and capable to manage for development purposes. In one hand, funding has definitely

Plan and Manage Conferences

Question: Describe about the Case Study for Plan and Manage Conferences. Answer: 1: Before starting it is necessary for all to understand the concept of conference, purpose of conference and its objective. It is very important to know how long does a conference lasts. It is also a point to keep in mind that before starting any conference. It is must to determine which tasks are more time taking and which are not. Hence, it is mandatory to align the tasks on the basis of priority. Focus into the tasks which are more urgent and prepare a list of those tasks. Prepare a list of the tasks which can be done later and start doing the urgent tasks. How many of the people are going to attend the conference and in which place the conference will be conducted these are some of the critical questions. So, I would firstly focus on the menu of the conference and then the number of guests attending the conference. One of the most earlier thing to be kept in mind before arranging all the tings is the money budget. I would like to focus on that before deciding any other things (Arndt Lanza, 2016). One of the most time taking and effective work is to find out the sponsors who will pay the expenses to conduct the conference. So, this work requires much effort then only I will be able to select the sponsors who will help me in covering the costs. Once the budget, place and other things are well sorted, then we can move into other things and tasks in organized manner. As for example we can say we should not print the names of the guests on the invitation letter who will attend the interview as we are not sure whether they will be coming or not. Printing of names should be done at the last after sorting out the names of the guests. Planning the things from top to bottom like what will be discussed at first in the conference and how the overall things will be executed is the main point to consider. This is the most vital thing to be observed in any conference. 2: Video conferencing: it has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantage of video conferencing Disadvantage of video conferencing The first benefit of using video conferencing includes that it does not involves journey from one place to another for any kind of meetings. It helps in saving time and money both for travelling. One of the major disadvantage of video conferencing is that it requires strong connection of internet for its operation. Poor network connections can disrupt the whole meetings or any kind of conversations. Video conferencing is like face to face communications, we can see people, their way of talking and also their facial expressions. So, all and all it helps in direct communications which seems very personal. Second loss is that it is very costly. Internet connections are not easily afforded by everyone in their workplace or home, so the people who have good internet connections can only make use of this applications. It helps us in seeing the people with whom we are talking may be in meetings or general talk with family. Time zones are the main boundaries while connecting in video conferences All the people who are in the conference can look at the documents at the same time. So all can perform work at the same time All of the people might not remain very familiar with this technology, so the people who are not very familiar will not be able to use that because its little bit critical One of the major advantage is that video conferencing keeps all the workers at a time in focus Telephone Conferencing ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Telephonic conversations offer some huge benefits to the users. It is very much cost efficient as compared to the video conferencing. But the major disadvantage is the persons who are talking in the phone are not able to see each other face, so they are not able to fully recognize each other. It is easily available and can be fund everywhere. The users can make call from any place to anybody sitting in nearby to far distant ones also. Talking in telephones does not helps in understanding the expressions and body language of the person with whom we are talking Telephones are very much familiar to all the people as compared to the video conferences We cannot see the person with whom we are talking as we can only hear their voice. 3 Factors which needs to be keep in mind Name of the place Duxton Hotel Melbourne Name of the Venue Grand Chancellor of Hotel Melbourne Name of the organizing place Hilton Melbourne of South Wharf Requirements of the conference Proper access to the internet connection should be there Media outlets should be there Technical Equipments should be ready and without any defect and should be easily accessible Handicap facilities should be provided Internet facility and proper access to it Media outlets should be present Handicap facilities should be available easily Catering service should be good and hygienic Valet Parking should be there Proper access to the internet and its facilities Media outlets should be present there Handicap facilities available anytime Catering service excellent and easily available Valet Parking should be there Menu of conference places Hotel Hotel Hotel Venues at will match With the conference good and positive thoughts well maintained area of presentation Easy access to internet The menu should be close to public transport Fair thoughts Easy access to internet Near to public transport Near to CBD Good area Easy access Check listing of the site visit Available FB Amenities Available FB All facilities Available FB All features Costs of the conference place 10.000 15.000 20.000 Ranking of the Venues1 to 3 1 2 3 4 u Mail ValleyView Publications 12 Mountain Drive Jade Valley VIC 3999 (03) 9123 4567 u Fax ValleyView Publications (03) 9123 7654 Registration Fees Method of Payment Full Conference requirements (Includes cocktail party, speakers' papers, meals workshops.) Each person q 330.00 dollars Corporate q 275.00 dollars $ Please specify any additional requirements: Special Assistance requirement($500 3500) Please mention if any: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Assistance regarding transportation: Please specify: 1. Pick and drop facility from airport will cost around (350 dollars) 2. Arranging a taxi will cost around (400 dollars) *will be contacted for full information. 3. Assistance regarding baggage facilities (100 dollars) 4. Personal guidance charge (3000 dollars) Allergic substance present, if any mention: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Special dietary requirements ($450-$650) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Additional Tickets - Cocktail Party No. of Tickets required @ $80.00 per person $ Total Payment Enclosed Cheque (to follow/enclosed) Credit Card q Bankcard q Mastercard q VISA q AMEX Name of the cardholder Card Number Expiry Date of card Amount Authorised Signature of the Cardholder Date Special prices apply for full conference registration: 5 delegates present from an organization then 50% discount for only 1 delegate. 10 delegates present from an organisation then 100% discount for 1 member. 5: 25 May 2015 Angus 8 Murray Street Perth City WA 0412 345 678 Attention: To all the members of the committee Respected committee members and co- workers, One of the best way for conducting our conference this year according to our ideas and concepts, selection of the keynote speakers is the most important step. We have got many speakers in front of us trough our rigorous searching in the past two weeks. We have selected them on eligibility criteria. They are selected on the basis of their professional background, their job and their job experience. So, we have shortlisted three candidates those who have fulfilled the selection criteria. Your thoughts and approval are equally and most important for us as this will help us in choosing the best speaker. Please give us your positive feedback which can help us in choosing the right person. Speaker- 1 Sam Harrop, is a well known author, trainer who owns his own business and is always involved in helping people do their work. He started his career as an entrepreneur in south Africa and he made a great success there. He built a huge business there and was very much successful and he lead a fruitful business. Sam move to Australia in 2008 along with is family members. He went there to fulfill his dreams of doing big business, for is overall personality development and is thoughts of helping others in doing their work. He had a different thought from others. He used to believe that we can change the world by improving Australia. He said that it can be done by earning more benefits, attaining the sustainable business thoughts and helping others. He always thinks of producing more jobs for the people so that no one will be unemployed and economic growth can increase. Sam is a renowned businessman now. He handles other business tycoons and assists them in handling their business. He now shares his thoughts and knowledge with his colleagues by giving them presentations and workshops. He had worked in almost every business area. He had a great knowledge of industries like- manufacturing, construction, wholesale business, retail, hospitality and leisure, transportation, real estate and financial and insurance services also. Sam is the only man people remind of when they are in trouble or they need help in some work. Sam has written a book named Getting Stuff Done which is his first book. He has written this book to motivate people to do their own work. As a good friend and master e wrote this book for every business man so that they can get motivation after reading this book and they can achieve success and they can also learn how to use accountability. Sam remains always busy in counseling people about the right and wrong things. Everyone who has been working with Sam has got a clear idea about accountability and also how to use that. The knowledge and ideas he gives to the people encourages them a lot and produces a feeling of motivation and enthusiasm in them. They makes themselves more busy and indulged in work, hence they earn more profit and they feel to have more time to do the right and important things. Speaker- 2 Peter Hillary is the second speaker. He is an inspirational speaker and an articulate who is involved in motivating people to d good things. He gives motivational keynotes and organizes conference presentations. He always explores people with daily life challenges, changes associated with daily life activities, their importance and survival. Peter Hillarys life is like pillar of setting goals and successively achieving tem by full passion and hard work. His hard works, knowledge and enthusiasm towards works along with good decisions making skills have helped them in reaching the mountain peaks. He has been able to survive in many thunderstorms due to all these skills. He seems to be a powerful narrator, communicator and a skilled assessor. He knows about how to handle critical situations, what one should do and what ne should not do in any critical situations. He has made a history of achieving the mountain climbing. He is found to be an inspirational figure for all the mountaineers and he is among one of the great families of mountaineering. His father was Sir. Edmund Hillary. He reached the Mt. Everest in 1953 and made the first ascent of climbing the mountain. Peter Hillary has always followed his father and he also climbed the Mt. Everest and reached the South Pole on skis, emerging a new route across Antarctica. His and his father names remain link forever. Peter continued his journey of climbing the Great Himalayas after his father. He earned a lot of money and donated the full for supporting schools and building hospitals for the people who lives in Everest region in Nepal. He had given presentations everywhere revealing about his experiences. He shares about his feelings that how he felt on reaching the highest peaks of Mount Everest twice in is life. He also explained his thoughts about living in the ends of the earth that is at the north and south poles and how it feels to survive in that strong thunders on the savage mountain K2. E explained all these things with the help of beautiful video footage. Peter is a brilliant and smart speaker who speaks with much ease and makes the public comfortable while listening. He is a mastermind of storytelling with a dry wit. He has spoken to a huge number of audiences starting from 12 to 12000. He knows about to hold the public and he does it every time. He tells the public about is real life adventures in a very authentic and hilarious way that everybody believes them and loves to hear them again and again. The audiences after listening to his speech find themselves in a different world. Peters own challenges are a metaphor for the entire process of achievement of is objectives for any individual. He always gives people enthusiastic message regarding teamwork, values of preparation, perseverance, caution and good decisions. He always asked people to enjoy their journey how much difficult may it be. At the end of his speech he makes the audience fully charged, enthusiastic and full of life. Sir Edmund and the Peters family has helped the people living in the villages of Nepal a lot. They built 42 schools, hospitals and clinical cares in village named as Khumbu valley which is located at the foot of the Everest and they run it by themselves. They provide free facility and checkups to the people living there. They made the hospitals and schools to show their gratitude and respect to the people living in the Everest and the way they helped them. Nepal is thought to be as one among the poorest country and by building these they helped the people a lot. Peters father was motivated by a thought and peter was also motivated by the same thought. It says that achieving your goals is great but helping others for achieving their goals is even greater than that. Speaker- 3 The third speaker is Catherine DeVrye. He is involved in generating creative ideas, entertaining audiences and showing them results. Catherine seems as the street cred in delivering his results in front of audiences in next conference. She is a combination of both Gen Y energy with baby boomer experience and wisdom. She has been voted twice in the Australian Keynote Speaker in the year 1999 and 2010. Catherine serves to be an enthusiastic power for female voice. She entertains people and acquires knowledge in both the private and public sectors. She is known as both a small business owner and a successful female business corporate executive. She has now become an excellent speaker and speaks globally on opportunities and obstacles and also how to bring change in ones life. She has written eight books and is considered as one of the best sellers. She has won the award of Australian Executive Woman of the Year Award. Her movie who says I cant was released by Random House. The book was chosen to be nominated as National Bibliography Award. After seeing the cover photo Bryce Courtenay said that the story appears to be of hope and perseverance. He was very curious about the releasing date of the movie. Her most recent book encouraged by Dr Edward DeBono, isPaperclips Don't Grow on Trees - Add value not cost to your bottom line. Catherine was earlier executive of IBM. She played roles in sectors like sales, marketing, communication and leadership development. She had spend two years in Tokyo as Asia Pacific Headquarters Human Resource Manager. She was once elected as IBM incentive events and leadership programs, she was told to deliver message in a conference. She gave tremendous powerful message and entertaining also. She remained always in search of new adventures and thoughts and thats why she visited many places like the Andes, trekked to Timbuktu, beyond Everest Base Camp. She was a cancer survivor; she started her journey from an orphanage in Canada to a successful woman. She was former member of board Who's Who of Australian Women, which was of the third largest police service in the world. She was also known as Australia day ambassador. She was earlier CEO of Young/ Junior Achievement Australia. She had done master in science and attended short courses in Harvard University and Melbourne Mt. Eliza Business School. She believed that common sense is the best education in anyones life. Her speech touches everyones heart and encourages every people. Her clients are American Express, AT T, Australian Tourism, Austrade, Bankwest, Coca-Cola, Dominos Pizza, KPMG, Hewlett Packard, IBM 3M, Local Government, Mercedes, Neways, Qantas, Red Cross, Remax, Royal Australian Airforce, School Principals. 6. The promotional tasks found in the publicity part of the conference timeline document includes: preparation of the flyer draft, selection of an appropriate name of the conference, completion of the final draft of the flyer. The promotional cost of the task was found to be as 5000 dollars, including 8% of all the total expenses spent. The promotional strategy was not done in proper way and thats why a misbalance was seen in the budget. 7. The conference will have two objectives- supporting tour operators and wholesalers for promotion and marketing of their products and promoting tour operators who provides leisure options for all the people including the disables. People included for attending the conference are- disabled people who wishes to travel who are of all age, the travelling agencies looking for new market like small business owners as hotel owners and students. Media people Travel groups and communities are always welcomed. 8 . Promotional strategy Sponsorship Goods or services Offers proposal for conference sponsorship to marketing department. 30% of budget will be allowed. Web Webpage will be prepared for the conference Create submission on website for payment Advertising on social media, sponsors websites and travel websites. 15% of budget will be allowed. Public Relations Public relations team Newspapers public relation teams are allowed for developing the advert and getting approval for it. 30% of the budget will be allowed. Media releases after creating advert and approved, it is sent to newspaper department for publishing. 0% is allowed and once in a week. Media kit Brochure, speakers need to be created as materials, and get it approved and 20% budget will be allowed. Favorable free publicity Speakers should be used for attracting people. 0% budget is to be taken. Advertising or marketing team Newspaper advertising Required for creating ads, approval and printing. 40% budget is allowed. 9. Possible sponsors Why? World Health Organisation They have the duty to act as leaders on global health related matters, are engaged in making rules and regulations and evaluation of health records. Australian Government Health department It has duty for the service delivery policy and gives access to social, health services. Lonely Planet Great chance for the organization to promote their name and travel guides to the travel associations and travellers in general. Samsung Possible new market for the company, travellers often use smart phones to arrange, plan their trips and this is the good cahnce for the company to present their products. Qantas Airways Great opportunity to put themselves in front of other air companies promoting their flight fares at the conference and having the opportunity to maybe get exclusive deals with one of the traveling agencies at the conference. 10. Enquiries in telephone- making sure that people who are in charge of handling telephonic conversations provides correct information and good service to all members. Training will be given to person who will be given this responsibility. Every people should have basic knowledge about the event and its duration and venue and time of the event. The person should know exactly about the foods, parking space, special needs and much more. 11. To: Angus From: Me Date: 15 May 2015 Subject: Procedures for Welcoming Delegates and Welcoming Speakers Angus, Venue should be checked twice before starting the conference for making sure that we can have all possible things for disabled speakers and participants. Access to the venue, washrooms, width of elevator, voice cover. See the attached redeveloped procedures. With regards, Marko Welcoming all the participants Welcoming them by name of conference Asking their name and any help they need (Brotchie et al, 2013) Providing disabled people with knowledge about toilet, ramps. Etc. Asking participants for foods or any requirements Welcoming speakers Welcoming speakers and asking them for assistance Informing speakers of the time and place for their presentation A pre- conference tour should be designed which will help in assuring the participants that they are important part of the conference. 12 List of the basic equipments Desk, chairs, laptop, internet Forms, fax, pencils, pens, name badges and telephone. 13 I am choosing the second scenario Busses will accommodate only 120 people but 122 people are present. 2 people need to go in another way, so people are asked to take their seats. I am also going to the airport by taxi and I will go on a bus only for the conference. The 2 participants will be going to the conference in my taxi with me. 14 Annual General Meeting Friday 4 July 2014 10.30am Agenda Welcome and introductions Preparing reports Preparing annual Report Auditors observation Chairpersons analysis Appointment of auditors That KPMG be re-appointed as auditors and the Directors be authorised to set their payments. Electioning of the Directors Amendment of Valley View Publications Employee Share Scheme As per the rules of the Valley View Publications Employee Share Scheme followed at the Annual Meeting of the Organization held on 24 March 1993 be changed to increase the lacks of the number of shares that can be issued under the Scheme from 3% to 5% of the total number of issued ordinary shares. General Meeting Notice is to be given to the ninth Annual General Meeting of Valley View Publications will be organized at the Auditorium of the Industry Development Centre at 10.30am on Friday 4 July 2014. Ordinary Business Reports To receive the Reports of the Directors and Financial Report for the year ended 31 December 1999. Auditors To re-appoint KPMG as auditors of the Company and to authorize the Directors to set their remuneration. Directors To choose Directors. Some Directors got retire as per the Companys Constitution: Dr Lesley Nicholls Mr Gunter Freiberg Being eligible, Dr Nicholls and Mr Freiberg offer themselves for re-election. 15 Action Plan Task Hold committee/staff meeting to solidify goals/meeting Review budget Goal/objective of the conference Locate and book the venue Determine meeting's format Review/obtain signed contract Develop program flyer; submit for approval Print meeting invitation Distribute program invitations Send program materials to designer Submit slide materials for approval Hire temp staff for on-site Order gifts and amenities Organise audiovisual recording or closed circuit Make travel arrangements for speakers/VIPs Order all food and beverages Send guarantees to hotel for meeting and food/beverage Establish on-site presence 16 Presentation/Workshop Suggested Speaker Contact Details Australian Standard Disability Symbols Mr Peter Morgan Better Business Tourism Accreditation Program Board of Victoria Email: xxx@hotmail.com Mobile phone: 00100200 Accreditation of Access - STAR RATING AAA Access for independent and assisted people with disabilities; the need for personal assessment specific to different needs of access ---- Workshops Sustainable Economy Accommodation Hotel XXX Attractions City Tour Travel Emirates Carers --- Carer's payments/costs $1500 Discovering Creativity through Recreation Margaret Yan Email: aaa@hotmail.com Mobile phone: 00103456 Workshops Economics Individual as opposed to group tourism See Webspirs Anne Richard Lockwood Pam Abbots Recreation programs in Canada ZZZ Program Adventure Sports Nature Sports Extreme Sports Limit Sports The Disabled Environment Woody Marriott Ambleside Tours Email: yyy@hotmail.com Mobile phone: 00100340 Workshops Sustainability Poor customer service Not decided The Environment for everyone moving walkways Not decided Path surfaces Not decided Universal Planning Max Murray Paraquadic Email: www@hotmail.com Mobile phone: 00100345 Workshops Not decided Building design issues implementation Not decided Measures in issuing building permits Not decided Access Sensitive Ross Clark Vision Australia Email: zzz@hotmail.com Mobile phone: 00134567 Workshops Not decided Parks and Gardens Access Not decided 17 Choosing the message The excellent formula to follow is AIDA model Points to be focus are- colourful text and dramatic graphics Interest areas- linked to readers need Desire- activating positive thoughts Action- it should be clear Message content How do you appeal to the prospective delegate? Which type of appeal would be relative to this conference? Rational Appeals relates to the audience self-interest Emotional Appeals provoke emotions that motivate the purchase Moral Appeals directed to the audiences sense of what is right and proper Message Structure How can we gain participants attention? The most efficient way is to create messages in a way that catches the reader, for example: what does the conference offer the reader? Write text for the conference promotional material taking this all in mind: Lead (first paragraph) with a powerful message to catch attention Comprised of details of aim, topics and speakers Include information on the company, if relevant Identify adjustments on text, eg the size, addition of other items (response card) and price Designing of message: instructions for the designer What will encourage the reader to open the invitation card? Does the front page holds the attention of the target market? Deciding the headline, text Providing information on company profile and culture Select paper type and size It may be good to obtain three written pieces from printers and designers. Also check samples of previous work, references and their work timings on comparing with the conference lead timings Convention centres and bureaus also airlines will supply 'shells' to print your program. The service is either free or at a nominal amount. 4. Message format: instructions for the public relations consultant Advertisers - can use novelty and contrast, eye-catching, pictures and headlines, colour and shape Radio - choose words, sounds TV - as for radio, also body language, dress and hairstyle The message source The use of celebrities or personalities as a spokesperson for the conference attracts higher attention, recall and also gives credibility to the event (Carbajal 2016). A spokesperson that is highly credible is very persuasive, the three factors most often found are: Expertise - the degree of authority to back the claim Trustworthiness - how objective and honest the source appears to be Likeability - those who are open, humorous and natural The promotional material will range from an article in a professional magazine to a bulk mail-out run but there are three elements to consider when forming a successful promotional strategy. How will the package be distributed - mail, fax, email? What should be covered - front letter and planning with speakers' names. Encourage more contact by telephone, or by taking follow-up to make a relationship, which will strengthen their presence. 18 PROMOTIONAL TIMELINE TASK PURPOSE OF CONFERENCE DATE OF CONFERENCE VENUE Finding Best place Booking SPEAKERS OrganisingSpeakers Gifts SPONSORSHIP BUDGET Deciding on fee for delegates Collectingmoney PUBLICITY DraftFlyer Final Flyer CATERING Choosingcaterers Menu Order SIGNS Design sign Place sign in appropriate areas PROGRAMME Draftprogramme Final programme NAME TAGS OrganisingSponsor Producingtags PROMOTION Visiting classes EVALUATION Draftevaluationsheet Final evaluationsheet Completingevalutionsheets 19 Collected information Name of the conference Program chairman Aim of the conference Type of conference Number of participants Process of telling them of the conference Case studies Small group talks Meeting room needs Food functions Breakfast Menu Speakers 20 Name Designation Time of start End time Mr ZZ Chef 8.30 am 2 pm Mrs XXX Functions 9.30 am 4 pm Mr WW Supervisor 9.00 am 5 pm Conference evaluation You can use information from all stages of the conference to develop a comprehensive and useful post-conference report. Conference evaluation is mandatory. 21 Evaluation is the process of critically observing, measuring and evaluating the performance of a conference in order to observe its results perfectly (Ray et al., 2016). Evaluation of data requires certain questions like: What data will be needed Who will be collecting the data, when and how What analysis process should be required What will be the final format of the report and to whom it should be presented. There is some process to collect the results of the evaluation. Collection of Data Observation Surveys There are three main areas to focus upon Pre-conference Asking the public before the conference Resources needed for the conference to proceed? Market research is a tool to build: The probable audience feedback Estimation of costs Determination of benefits Comparing results Monitoring the conference Tracking the progress of a conference throughout the whole process for example: If registrations are slow additional promotion of the conference may be required by creating a higher profile for the conference within the media(Persichitte., 2016) Media coverage Continuous evaluation of the budget Evaluation after the conference is over After the completion of the conference, the data are analysed Data can be evaluated from: Budget - anticipated and actual Promotion schedule Data of participants and forms of evaluation Reference Arndt, T., Lanza, G. (2016). Planning support for the design of quality control strategies in global production networks.Procedia CIRP,41, 675-680. Brotchie, J. F., Dickey, J. W., Sharpe, R. (2013).TOPAZ: General planning technique and its applications at the regional, urban, and facility planning levels(Vol. 180). Springer Science Business Media. Carbajal, S. (2016). 2015 California Climate Action Planning Conference Keynote Address.Focus,12(1), 8. Carew-Reid, J., Prescott-Allen, R., Bass, S., Dalal-Clayton, B. (2013).Strategies for national sustainable development: a handbook for their planning and implementation. Routledge. Jalongo, M. R., Machado, C. (2016). Before the Conference: General Planning Strategies. InMaking Effective Presentations at Professional Conferences(pp. 17-35). Springer International Publishing. Persichitte, K. A. (2016). Strategic Planning and Conference Planning Update.TechTrends,60(3), 194. Ray, T., Sarker, R., Li, X. (Eds.). (2016).Artificial Life and Computational Intelligence: Second Australasian Conference, ACALCI 2016, Canberra, ACT, Australia, February 2-5, 2016, Proceedings(Vol. 9592). Springer. Rintanen, J. (2012). Planning as satisfiability: Heuristics.Artificial Intelligence,193, 45-86.

Issues Of The Trump Development In Aberdeenshire Tourism Essay Example

Issues Of The Trump Development In Aberdeenshire Tourism Essay The development company set up by Donald Trump, Trump International Golf Links Scotland ( TIGLS ) , set out programs in 2007 to make a high-quality golf, hotel and lodging development at the Menie Estate in Aberdeenshire. The key installations involved in the development are: 2 title quality golf classs, capable of hosting major tourneies A golf clubhouse A short game area/driving scope We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Of The Trump Development In Aberdeenshire Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Of The Trump Development In Aberdeenshire Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Of The Trump Development In Aberdeenshire Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A golf academy A 5-star, 450 room hotel A conference country Watering place 36 Golf Villas 950 Holiday Homes 500 Private Residential Houses Staff adjustment The original planning application for Menie was polemically rejected by Aberdeenshire Council[ 1 ], one chief ground being that the TIGLS proposal involved the usage of a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI, see below )[ 2 ]. Since so, the development procedure has continued with the puting up of a public question into the Trump programs. The question, which sat in June this twelvemonth and is expected to describe in the fall, gave all sides an chance to publically aerate their positions on the issues environing the Menie proposal. While the newsmans determination will concern merely whether this specific development should be allowed to continue or non, it is interesting to see the issues raised at the question within a wider context in peculiar, the Trump question illustrates, more than any other issue seen in Scotland in recent old ages, the wider inquiry of how to weigh the economic benefits that such developments can convey against any environmental costs that might res ult. This article attempts to analyze the economic and environmental positions forwarded during the question and to measure how, in pattern, determinations should be made in state of affairss where struggles of this nature occur. Attention will besides be directed to whether any counsel is available from environmental paperss published by the Scots Government. Economic Benefits From a local economic point of view, the proposed Menie development is important in two ways. The first is merely the size of the investing planned at Menie. The 2nd, discussed farther below, associate to how it might impact on certain longer term economic issues in the North East. First, an appraisal of the economic benefits of TIGLS programs for Menie[ 3 ]shows that the undertaking is expected to make a significant sum of employment and do a important part to Gross Value Added[ 4 ]( GVA ) , both across Scotland and in the environing local economic system[ 5 ]. Appraisals were made of two facets of the proposed development, the economic activity created during the building stage and the more durable employment and GVA created one time the scopes of installations outlined above are operational. Construction Impact Construction impacts are of class short term but, given that the proposed installations are estimated to be around ?720 million, they clearly will supply a important encouragement to building demand estimations suggest that the net employment created across Scotland by the building at Menie will be between 4,694 7,042 Full Time Equivalent ( FTE ) occupations[ 6 ]. The spread of the employment estimations ( the upper and lower estimations differ by 2,348 FTE occupations ) reflect uncertainness about the extent to which the Trump development may displace other activity ( i.e. , may take market portion from houses in the building sector ) . Uncertainty sing this was taken history of by following two different premises sing supplanting ( both of which were rather high, the statement being that following a conservative premise reduced the hazard of exaggerating the economic impacts attributable to the undertaking ) . Using English Partnerships counsel[ 7 ], supplanting was assumed to be either 25 % or 50 % the first premise causes the net activity created to be reduced by 25 % while the 50 % premise assumes that building activity elsewhere in Scotland will fall by 50 % . The estimations besides made some allowance for escape ( assumed to be 20 % ) because some of the occupations created at Menie may taken up by occupants from outwith the country. Finally, no allowance was made for additionality. Additionality is by and large measured within the context of authorities policy intercessions in the economic system, and efforts to mensurate the net impact of such intercessions. However, as no policy support is proposed for the Menie development, any activity created is therefore entirely extra the premise is that the activity estimated for the Menie development would non be generated if TIGLS does non put the money required to make the installations at Menie. GVA estimations were besides produced on the same footing as above ( 25 % and 50 % supplanting, 20 % escape and 100 % additionality ) and, on these premises, the building of the Menie development was estimated to make an extra sum of GVA of ?400 million ( 25 % supplanting ) and ?267 million ( 50 % supplanting ) . Locally, building of the installations at Menie was estimated to make between 2,165 and 1,443 FTE occupations and between ?120.7 million and ?80.5 million worth of extra GVA. Operating Impact As noted, the building impacts outlined above are short-run, since they will be created merely during the period that the development is being constructed. In contrast, the operational impacts are ongoing and represent one-year estimations of the extent to which the Trump development will add to activity, both in Scotland and locally, every bit long as the Menie development continues to run. These estimations show how the development is locally important, in footings both of its size and its longer term consequence on activity in the North-East economic system. Using a similar set of premises to those outlined above, it was estimated that the development would make between 1,856 1,237 FTE occupations and between ?49.2 ?32.8 million worth of GVA in Scotland. In the North-East ( Aberdeenshire/Aberdeen City ) , the Menie development was estimated to make 1,418-945 FTE occupations in and between ?33.5 million ( 25 % supplanting ) and ?22.3 million worth of GVA ( 50 % supplanting ) . The structural impact on the local economic system Besides important, nevertheless, is that the Menie development may assist to turn to what local policymakers recognise as one of the cardinal menaces to the North-East economic system, the jutting diminution in activity and employment in the oil industry. Oil and gas production form the North Sea has fallen well in recent old ages the Royal Bank of Scotland Oil and Gas Index records that the sum of oil extracted from the North Sea has fallen continuously, from 28.9 million barrels per twenty-four hours ( bpd ) in 1999 to 15.6 bpd in 2007, a autumn of merely over 46 % . While recent additions in oil monetary values may protract the life of the local industry to some extent, it is clear that oil extraction can non in the long-run continue to move as a major local economic driver. The possible employment diminution has been well-recognised by local bureaus with, for illustration, North East Scotland Economic Research foretelling a autumn in oil and gas employment from 39,000 ( 2006 ) t o around 25,000 by 2021[ 8 ]. Several local policymakers emphasised to the Trump enquiry the consequent demand to diversify the North East economic system in order to pull occupations to replace those that will travel as oil and gas diminutions. They argued that the Menie development could do a important part to this procedure, peculiarly as the tourer facet of the Menie development fitted closely with the country s agreed development scheme. For illustration, Councillor Anne Robertson, the leader of Aberdeenshire Council, referred to a Council policy papers[ 9 ]which identifies one council aim as being to get a universe category repute for recreational touristry by 2011. She argued that the Menie development will heighten the countries repute globally by supplying Aberdeenshire with a universe category tourer installation. Aberdeen and Grampian Chamber of Commerce argued that peripherality had meant that Aberdeenshire had ever struggled with what it could offer in footings of touristry, and that the countries re lative deficiency of first tourer attractive forces had hitherto been a barrier to developing local touristry[ 10 ]. While the size of the Menie development is important in itself, local policymakers besides made field in their statements to the question that the type of development involved was every bit of import, peculiarly in footings of the local variegation scheme. As to whether developing touristry might stand for a policy of endorsing victors , recent figures appear to corroborate that it may be so. Tourism activity in Scotland has grown well in recent old ages, and Scotland has besides out-performed the UK in this regard. Scots Government figures[ 11 ]shows that the figure of employees in touristry grew by 19.1 % between 1998-2005, and the proportion of all UK touristry turnover accounted for by Scots touristry increased from 6.6 % to 7.7 % over the same period. Local feelings environing the entreaty of touristry besides appear to chime with the Scots Government s program to increase the figure of tourers sing Scotland. In Scots Tourism- the Following Decade [ 12 ]the Government points out that planetary growing in touristry is expected to be between to 4-5 % , and Visit Scotland has made promoting golf touristry a primary focal point of selling activities. Environmental Issues While the proposed Trump development therefore promises significant economic benefits for the local country and besides appears to be extremely consistent with the sensed future strategic demands of the North-East economic system, the question besides addressed possible environmental losingss, argued to be both nationally and locally important. What were the positions of those conservationists who argued against the development? The cardinal expostulation advanced by, among others, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) , was the potency for the Menie development to adversely impact the country s natural heritage. Their statement chiefly concerned the importance of the landforms and home grounds within the site, which includes two of the largest nomadic sand dune systems in NW Europe, one of which is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The RSPB besides pointed to the dune home grounds, which it argued were outstanding and which sustained many of animate being and works communities of high biodiversity value. It s overall statement concerned the demand to continue the whole ecological community, that is the sum sum of the species and their supporting home ground, reasoning that this was rare in a Scots, UK and European context and was of high scientific value. The RSPB s grounds can outdo be summed up in the inquiry they posed to the question: We should inquire ourselves whether serious environmental harm and break to natural procedures is a necessary and inevitable forfeit to be paid to accomplish perceived economic benefits What is likely the cardinal point is that portion of the development country is designated as an SSSI. An SSSI is an officially designated country[ 13 ]( under the Nature Conservation ( Scotland ) Act 2004 ) and an SSSI appellation purposes to protect the best of Scotland s natural heritage[ 14 ] . SNH s chief concern over the Menie development was that the stabilization work required on the dunes in order to develop the golf class would so compromise the natural unity and scientific value of the site that this could ensue in the SSSI appellation being withdrawn. The local council besides recognises the importance of SSSI s. The Aberdeenshire Local Plan argues that SSSI s are a really valuable resource, and hence need protection against damaging development . Furthermore, the local program besides states explicitly that where a development will adversely impact on an SSSI, it will: Be refused unless the developer proves that any important inauspicious effects on the quality for which the country has been designated are clearly outweighed by societal and economic benefits of national importance [ 15 ]. The SSSI issue reflects the key job confronting the newsmans to the Menie Enquiry. This is good expressed in the citation from the RSPB entry above, and can be summed up whether the economic benefits that would doubtless ensue from the Trump development outweigh the environmental cost of the loss of a natural plus? The Menie dunes have been designated as an SSSI because, in the sentiment of the official designating organic structure stand foring the involvements of the Scots population, they are argued to be a alone portion of Scotland s natural heritage. The proposed development would needfully intend harm to an of import natural plus, a point conceded by the developers, who accepted that it would ensue in important inauspicious effects on the environment but argued that these would be outweighed by the economic benefits that the development would convey.[ 16 ]. The beginning of the struggle SNH besides noted that it was the determination by TIGLS to develop on the SSSI which triggers the obvious struggle between Mr Trump s aspirations and the protection of the environment in regard of which SNH has a duty [ 17 ]. The question was made cognizant of alternate designs that did non utilize the SSSI, but the cardinal beginning of struggle remained that, in the sentiment of the golf class designer,[ 18 ]it was necessary to utilize the SSSI portion of the Menie site failure to make so would intend that the development could non gain the cardinal aim, which is to make a world-class, championship links class, in traditional Scots manner, capable of one twenty-four hours hosting a major title [ 19 ]. In its concluding entry, TIGLS reiterated that making the universe category golf class that it envisioned required the SSSI land and that it would prefer to retreat the application if this were non allowed[ 20 ]. Can we larn anything from policy paperss? Given that there is necessarily a struggle between the economic benefits and environmental costs of the proposed Menie development, it would be interesting to larn whether official policy paperss contain any advice on how to continue in the face of such struggles. Unfortunately, this appears non to be the instance. For illustration, the most recent official Scots Government papers on sustainable development[ 21 ]contains a good trade of stuff on the quality of Scotland s natural assets. For illustration: Scotland is blessed with some of the universe s most cherished and particular natural environments aˆÂ ¦ . One of our cardinal precedences must be to protect those natural resources for the long term and beef up their function as portion of our lives and civilization[ 22 ] Similarly, the imaginatively titled papers that outlines Scotland s Marine and coastal scheme[ 23 ]argues that the Marine and coastal environments around Scotland are vitally of import to the sustainable hereafter of our state . Unfortunately nevertheless, neither papers outlines the appropriate action to take in state of affairss where the desire to conserve natural resources is in direct struggle with the possibility of a significant economic addition. How should we do the determination? It does look that the newsmans have a hard determination to do. On the one manus there will be a significant economic addition from a undertaking that fits closely with long term local development demands. On the other, this will necessarily take to the loss of a natural plus, one which the functionary heritage organic structure considers to be a portion of the best of Scotland s natural heritage. How should one be weighed against the other? Clearly, the determination should be made by comparing the benefits that result from the development against the costs that will result. We do hold a considerable sum of grounds on what the development means to the Scottish and local economic systems the sum of GVA produced by the development measures the economic value created, and so measures what it is deserving , both across Scotland and locally. However, no comparable estimation was available about the value of the dunes. Since we have no grounds on how people value the natural plus, we have no common criterion against which to compare costs and benefits. This state of affairs is unfortunate, particularly as there are well-known economic techniques, head among which is Contingent Valuation ( CV ) , that are able to mensurate the value to society of natural resources. CV has the added benefit that it estimates a pecuniary value for the natural plus, and so produces a common criterion of comparing between the economic and environmental effects of a undertaking. Contingent rating Contingent rating measures the populace s rating of a natural resource plus. In general footings, the economic value to society of any good or service is measured by what people are prepared to pay for it. If, for illustration, person is prepared to pay ?1 for a coach journey or ?30 for a repast, so what the individual is prepared to pay steps the value that he or she places on that good or service. The statement that underlies contingent rating, nevertheless, is that what people pay to buy something does non needfully reflect its entire value to society market monetary values do non needfully reflect the value that persons ( or, by collection, society as a whole ) topographic point on some things. A simple illustration would be where a individual values a dramatic position of a mountain. As it is non possible to sell the position, nevertheless, there is no market monetary value and so no market rating of what the position is deserving to that individual. The Menie dunes are clearly another illustration of this type of natural plus. This job arises because the mountain position is what is known as non-excludable it is either non technically possible or it is prohibitively dearly-won to forestall anyone from appreciating a peculiar piece of scenery. Since people can non be prevented from devouring it, it is non possible for a company to provide it therefore there is no market and no monetary value for the plus. Contingent rating argues that market monetary values reflect merely what are termed usage values [ 24 ]. Use values reflect what people will pay to really devour ( usage ) something such as a coach journey. However, natural resource assets may besides bring forth alleged non-use values, where people value something even if they do non really devour it themselves. Non-use values originate because people may value an facet of some goods that can non be bought or sold through markets for the grounds discussed supra. For illustration, people may non really see a natural plus but may still be willing to pay to hold it preserved for the undermentioned grounds[ 25 ]: Existence value they may experience that site is deserving conserving for its ain interest Option value people may desire to go forth open the possibility that they will see the site in the hereafter Bequest values there may be a desire for the site to be preserved for future coevalss The technique therefore attempts to gauge the entire value of an activity to society by gauging both usage and non-use values. The value of environmental rating methods is more widely appreciated in America, peculiarly following the Exxon Valdez instance in Alaska. This was one of the first instances where the technique was used to quantitatively measure the harm to a natural plus following a major oil spill in 1989. The usage of the technique spread further when authorities bureaus in America were given the power to action for harm to environmental resources over which they are legal guardians. Information on the sum that people in Scotland would pass to continue the Menie dunes would therefore let us to weigh the known value that the Trump development will lend to the Scots economic system the sum of GVA created at Menie against the value that people in Scotland topographic point on saving of the dunes. The Trump development is a authoritative illustration of how economic development may conflict with a desire to protect the environment. Given an increased involvement in environmental issues, struggles of this nature are likely to happen once more and it would be utile if these type of economic rating techniques were applied more widely in the hereafter.

PR Plan for MS Clothing The WritePass Journal

PR Plan for MS Clothing Introduction PR Plan for MS Clothing ). Audience The audience is potentially one of the hardest things to identify, in terms of this overall PR plan, as Marks Spencers clothing covers such a potentially wider audience. It is suggested in this case, however, that by focusing on ladies wear, the overall agenda for the clothing department can be considered and looked at in the long run (Hackley, 2009). The target audience for this plan therefore is to focus on the fashion conscious, yet affluent 20 – 40 year old category. Attempting to compete with the prices of disposable fashion outlets is simply impractical; therefore, the focus needs to be on the high income a professional, fashionable women who also want their clothes to be excellent quality and durability. Message Linked to the chosen audience is the message that MS clothing products are providing quality, durable essentials that offer a sophisticated and professional look, with a touch of fashion that is not a disposable, cheap fashion product. One of the key problems which have been identified within the MS clothing range in recent years is that the cost of the product has simply not warranted the quality of fashion being provided, and the balance between quality and cost needs to be redressed (Parrish, 2010). Maintaining a strong quality is important. Yet, it is necessary for the fashionable element of the product to be brought to the forefront of this message, and this needs to be delivered clearly to the young, affluent audience. In order to achieve this MS is going to focus on the younger audience by   engaging with young workers and students. Offering discounts and selecting the relevant media publications that aim at these people will be a crucial part of delivering this message.   Communication Strategies Bearing in mind the message and the target audience in question, the choice of communication strategy will be particularly important when it comes to successfully providing this shift in emphasis and new marketing strategy. Given the chosen audience, the communication strategies also need to be aimed at a younger audience, using factors such as the internet and e-mail marketing, in order to portray a younger, more cutting-edge image. Establishing affiliations with third parties and appropriate magazines will also be important for encouraging potential consumers to view Marks Spencer clothing in a slightly different light. Events such as fashion shows and launches of product ranges in locations that are going to be targeting this new audience. Working with Universities and popular work areas in central towns will assist in this matter. Celebrity endorsement is also potentially going to assist in shifting the perceptions of Marks Spencer away from products which are slightly old and staid. By partnering with the appropriate celebrities and also appropriate events, the general perception of the company can be changed, over time, and this needs to be a relatively mid-term agenda for MS. Resource and Budget The overall size of MS and the ability to draw on financial resources from other departments such as the food and home department provides evidence of real opportunities in regard to spending a large amount on this revised PR and marketing approach that would be impossible for other organisations without the backing of these departments. In order to completely reinvent the perception around an organisation the size of MS will require a consistent and large resource, over a relatively prolonged period of time. In addition, however, it is proposed that a six-month time horizon be looked at, with the majority of the focus being placed on shifting the emphasis and eventually reinventing the product range. It is therefore suggested that a team of four marketing professionals should be given the agenda of achieving this plan as part of a specific six-month project (Hallbauer, 2008). Initially, it is proposed that a budget of  £260,000 will be provided on the basis of  £40,000 per month to cover the advertising in key locations and in order to ensure that the manpower is available in every store across the country. It is also recognised that having a strong celebrity endorsement may be very beneficial, the budget may need to be adjusted to reflect this. Evaluation Methods By looking at the current difficulties being faced by the MS clothing range, it can be seen that it is largely attached to the perception of individuals and the demands of the potential target audience. With this in mind, evaluating the marketing and PR agenda will not only involve looking at quantitative figures such as the change in sales, but more crucially at the changing perceptions of customers and potential customers. Also for this reason, at least initially, the necessary way to evaluate the PR agenda will be to undertake an analysis of customer perceptions and satisfaction of products. After the initial six-month period, it is anticipated that there will be shifting sales figures and therefore the evaluation methods used would need to alter to take this into account. It is, however, recognised that this marketing agenda will not completely change the fortunes of the company in a matter of weeks and evaluation methods need to be reflective of this gradual shift, if the agenda is not to be deemed a failure, at a fairly early stage (Newman Cullen, 2002). References Hackley, C, (2009) Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Approach, SAGE Publications Hallbauer, S, (2008) Retail Marketing and New Retail Idea – Marks and Spencer, GRIN Verlag MacDonald, G, (2011) For MS’s Bolland, Success is in the Detail, Retail Week, Available at:  retail-week.com/city/for-mss-bolland-success-is-in-the-detail/5025603.article Marks and Spencer (2014) Available at: http://corporate.marksandspencer.com/investors/press_releases/only_m_s_marks_spencer_invites_you_to_meet_britains_leading_ladies Newman, A Cullen, P, (2002) Retailing: Environment Operations, Cengage Learning Parrish, E. (2010) Retailers’ use of niche marketing in product development. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 546-561

The Discovery of King Tuts Tomb

The Discovery of King Tuts Tomb British archaeologist and Egyptologist Howard Carter along with his sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, spent many years and a lot of money searching for a tomb in Egypts Valley of the Kings that they werent sure still existed. But on November 4, 1922, they found it. Carter had discovered not just an unknown ancient Egyptian tomb, but one that had lain nearly undisturbed for over 3,000 years. What lay within King Tuts tomb astounded the world. Carter and Carnarvon Carter had worked in Egypt for 31 years before he found King Tuts tomb. He had begun his career in Egypt at age 17, using his artistic talents to copy wall scenes and inscriptions. Eight years later (in 1899), Carter was appointed the Inspector-General of Monuments in Upper Egypt. In 1905, Carter resigned from this job and in 1907, went to work for Lord Carnarvon. George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, the fifth Earl of Carnarvon, loved to race around in the newly invented automobile. But an auto accident in 1901 left him in ill health. Vulnerable to the damp English winter, Lord Carnarvon began spending winters in Egypt in 1903. To pass the time, he took up archaeology as a hobby. Turning up nothing but a mummified cat (still in its coffin) his first season, Lord Carnarvon decided to hire someone knowledgeable for the succeeding seasons. For this, he hired Howard Carter. The Long Search After several relatively successful seasons working together, World War I brought a near halt to their work in Egypt. Yet, by the fall of 1917, Carter and Lord Carnarvon began excavating in earnest in the Valley of the Kings. Carter stated that there were several pieces of evidence already found- a faience cup, a piece of gold foil, and a cache of funerary items which all bore the name of Tutankhamun- that convinced him that the tomb of King Tut was still to be found. Carter also believed that the locations of these items pointed to a specific area where they might find King Tutankhamuns tomb. Carter was determined to systematically search this area by excavating down to the bedrock. Besides some ancient workmens huts at the foot of the tomb of Rameses VI and 13 calcite jars at the entrance to the tomb of Merenptah, Carter did not have much to show after five years of excavating in the Valley of the Kings. Thus, Lord Carnarvon decided to stop the search. After a discussion with Carter, Carnarvon relented and agreed to one last season. One Final Season By November 1, 1922, Carter began his final season working in the Valley of the Kings by having his workers expose the ancient workmens huts at the base of the tomb of Rameses VI. After exposing and documenting the huts, Carter and his workmen began to excavate the ground beneath them. By the fourth day of work, they had found something- a step that had been cut into the rock. Steps Work feverishly continued on the afternoon of November 4 through the following morning. By late afternoon on November 5, 12 stairs leading down were revealed; and in front of them, stood the upper portion of a blocked entrance. Carter searched the plastered door for a name. But of the seals that could be read, he found only the impressions of the royal necropolis. Carter was extremely excited, writing: The design was certainly of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Could it be the tomb of a noble buried here by royal consent? Was it a royal cache, a hiding-place to which a mummy and its equipment had been removed for safety? Or was it actually the tomb of the king for whom I had spent so many years in search? Telling Carnarvon To protect the find, Carter had his workmen fill in the stairs, covering them so that none were showing. While several of Carters most trusted workmen stood guard, Carter left to make preparations. The first of which was contacting Lord Carnarvon in England to share the news of the find. On November 6, two days after finding the first step, Carter sent a cable: At last have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations. The Sealed Door It was nearly three weeks after finding the first step that Carter was able to proceed. On November 23, Lord Carnarvon and his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, arrived in Luxor. The following day, the workers had again cleared the staircase, now exposing all 16 of its steps and the full face of the sealed doorway. Now Carter found what he could not see before since the bottom of the doorway had still been covered with rubble: There were several seals on the bottom of the door with Tutankhamuns name on them. Now that the door was fully exposed, they noticed that the upper left of the doorway had been broken through, presumably by tomb robbers, and resealed. The tomb was not intact, yet the fact that the tomb had been resealed showed that the tomb had not been emptied. The Passageway On the morning of November 25, the sealed doorway was photographed and the seals noted. Then the door was removed. A passageway emerged from the darkness, filled to the top with limestone chips. Upon closer examination, Carter could tell that tomb robbers had dug a hole through the upper left section of the passageway. (The hole had been refilled in antiquity with larger, darker rocks than used for the rest of the fill.) This meant that the tomb had probably been raided twice in antiquity. The first time was within a few years of the kings burial and before there was a sealed door and fill in the passageway. (Scattered objects were found under the fill.) The second time, the robbers had to dig through the fill and could escape only with smaller items. By the following afternoon, the fill along the 26-foot-long passageway had been cleared away to expose another sealed door, almost identical to the first. Again, there were signs that a hole had been made in the doorway and resealed. Everywhere the Glint of Gold Tension mounted. If anything was left inside, it would be a discovery of a lifetime for Carter. If the tomb was relatively intact, it would be something the world had never seen. Carter wrote: With trembling hands I made a tiny breach in the upper left-hand corner. Darkness and blank space, as far as an iron testing-rod could reach, showed that whatever lay beyond was empty, and not filled like the passage we had just cleared. Candle tests were applied as a precaution against possible foul gases, and then, widening the hold a little, I inserted the candle and peered in, Lord Carnarvon, Lady Evelyn and Callender standing anxiously beside me to hear the verdict. At first I could see nothing, the hot air escaping from the chamber causing the candle flame to flicker, but presently, as my eyes grew accustomed to the light, details of the room within emerged slowly from the mist, strange animals, statues, and gold- everywhere the glint of gold. For the moment- an eternity it must have seemed to the others standing by- I was struck dumb with amazement, and when Lord Carnarvon, unable to stand the suspense any longer, inquired anxiously, Can you see anything? it was all I could do to get out the words, Yes, wonderful things. The next morning, the plastered door was photographed and the seals documented. Then the door came down, revealing the Antechamber. The wall opposite the entrance wall was piled nearly to the ceiling with boxes, chairs, couches, and so much more- most of them gold- in organized chaos. On the right wall stood two life-size statues of the king, facing each other as if to protect the sealed entrance that was between them. This sealed door also showed signs of being broken into and resealed, but this time the robbers had entered in the bottom middle of the door. To the left of the door from the passageway lay a tangle of parts from several dismantled chariots. As Carter and the others spent time looking at the room and its contents, they noticed another sealed door behind the couches on the far wall. This sealed door also had a hole in it, but unlike the others, the hole had not been resealed. Carefully, they crawled under the couch and shone their light. The Annexe In this room (later called the Annexe), everything was in disarray. Carter theorized that officials had attempted to straighten up the Antechamber after the robbers had plundered, but they had made no attempt to straighten the Annexe. He wrote: I think the discovery of this second chamber, with its crowded contents, had a somewhat sobering effect on us. Excitement had gripped us hitherto, and given us no pause for thought, but now for the first time we began to realize what a prodigious task we had in front of us, and what a responsibility it entailed. This was no ordinary find, to be disposed of in a normal seasons work; nor was there any precedent to show us how to handle it. The thing was outside all experience, bewildering, and for the moment it seemed as though there were more to be done than any human agency could accomplish. Documenting and Preserving the Artifacts Before the entrance between the two statues in the Antechamber could be opened, the items in the Antechamber needed to be removed or risk damage to them from flying debris, dust, and movement. Documentation and preservation of each item was a monumental task. Carter realized that this project was larger than he could handle alone, thus he asked for and received help from a large number of specialists. To begin the clearing process, each item was photographed in situ, both with an assigned number and without. Then, a sketch and description of each item were made on correspondingly numbered record cards. Next, the item was noted on a ground plan of the tomb (only for the Antechamber). Carter and his team had to be extremely careful when attempting to remove any of the objects. Since many of the items were in extremely delicate states (such as beaded sandals in which the threading had disintegrated, leaving only beads held together by 3,000 years of habit), many items needed immediate treatment, such as a celluloid spray, to keep the items intact for removal. Moving the items also proved a challenge. Carter wrote of it, Clearing the objects from the Antechamber was like playing a gigantic game of spillikins. So crowded were they that it was a matter of extreme difficulty to move one without running serious risk of damaging others, and in some cases they were so inextricably tangled that an elaborate system of props and supports had to be devised to hold one object or group of objects in place while another was being removed. At such times life was a nightmare. When an item was successfully removed, it was placed upon a stretcher and gauze and other bandages were wrapped around the item to protect it for removal. Once a number of stretchers were filled, a team of people would carefully pick them up and move them out of the tomb. As soon as they exited the tomb with the stretchers, they were greeted by hundreds of tourists and reporters who waited for them at the top. Since word had spread quickly around the world about the tomb, the popularity of the site was excessive. Every time someone came out of the tomb, cameras would go off. The trail of stretchers was taken to the conservation laboratory, located at some distance away in the tomb of Seti II. Carter had appropriated this tomb to serve as a conservation laboratory, photographic studio, carpenters shop (to make the boxes needed to ship the objects), and a storeroom. Carter allotted tomb No. 55 as a darkroom. The items, after conservation and documentation, were very carefully packed into crates and sent by rail to Cairo. It took Carter and his team seven weeks to clear the Antechamber. On Feb. 17, 1923, they began dismantling the sealed door between the statues. The Burial Chamber The inside of the Burial Chamber was almost completely filled with a large shrine over 16 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 9 feet tall. The walls of the shrine were made of gilded wood inlaid with brilliant blue porcelain. Unlike the rest of the tomb, upon which the walls had been left as rough-cut rock (unsmoothed and unplastered), the walls of the Burial Chamber (excluding the ceiling) were covered with gypsum plaster and painted yellow. Funeral scenes were painted on these yellow walls. On the ground around the shrine were a number of items, including portions of two broken necklaces, which looked as if they had been dropped by robbers, and magic oars to ferry the kings barque [boat] across the waters of the Nether World. To take apart and examine the shrine, Carter had to first demolish the partition wall between the Antechamber and the Burial Chamber. Still, there was not much room between the three remaining walls and the shrine. As Carter and his team worked to disassemble the shrine they found that this was merely the outer shrine, with four shrines in total. Each section of the shrines weighed up to half a ton. In the small confines of the Burial Chamber, work was difficult and uncomfortable. When the fourth shrine was disassembled, the kings sarcophagus was revealed. The sarcophagus was yellow and made out of a single block of quartzite. The lid did not match the rest of the sarcophagus and had been cracked in the middle during antiquity (an attempt had been made to cover the crack by filling it with gypsum).   When the heavy lid was lifted, a gilded wooden coffin was revealed. The coffin was in a distinctly human shape and was 7 feet 4 inches long. Opening the Coffin A year and a half later, they were ready to lift the lid of the coffin. Conservation work of other objects already removed from the tomb had taken precedence. Thus, the anticipation of what lay beneath was extreme. Inside, they found another, smaller coffin. The lifting of the lid of the second coffin revealed a third one, made entirely of gold. On top of this third, and final, coffin was a dark material that had once been liquid and poured over the coffin from the hands to the ankles. The liquid had hardened over the years and firmly stuck the third coffin to the bottom of the second. The thick residue had to be removed with heat and hammering. Then the lid of the third coffin was raised. At last, the royal mummy of Tutankhamun was revealed. It had been over 3,300 years since a human being had seen the kings remains. This was the first royal Egyptian mummy that had been found untouched since his burial. Carter and the others hoped King Tutankhamuns mummy would reveal a large amount of knowledge about ancient Egyptian burial customs. Though it was still an unprecedented find, Carter and his team were dismayed to learn that the liquid poured on the mummy had done a great deal of damage. The linen wrappings of the mummy could not be unwrapped as hoped, but instead had to be removed in large chunks.   Many of the items found within the wrappings had also been damaged, and some were almost completely disintegrated. Carter and his team found over 150 items on the mummy- almost all of them gold- including amulets, bracelets, collars, rings, and daggers. The autopsy on the mummy found that Tutankhamun had been about 5 feet 5 1/8 inches tall and had died around age 18. Certain evidence also attributed Tutankhamuns death to murder. The Treasury On the right wall of the Burial Chamber was an entrance into a storeroom, now known as the Treasury. The Treasury, like the Antechamber, was filled with items including many boxes and model boats. Most notable in this room was the large gilded canopic shrine. Inside the gilded shrine was the canopic chest made out of a single block of calcite. Inside the canopic chest were the four  canopic jars, each in the shape of an Egyptian coffin and elaborately decorated, holding the pharaohs embalmed organs: liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines. Also discovered in the Treasury were two small coffins found in a simple, undecorated wooden box. Inside these two coffins were the  mummies  of two premature fetuses. It is hypothesized that these were Tutankhamuns children. (Tutankhamun is not known to have had any surviving children.) World Famous Discovery The discovery of King Tuts tomb in November 1922 created an obsession around the world. Daily updates of the find were demanded. Masses of mail and telegrams deluged Carter and his associates. Hundreds of tourists waited outside the tomb for a peek. Hundreds more people tried to use their influential friends and acquaintances to get a tour of the tomb, which caused a great hindrance to work in the tomb and endangered the artifacts.  Ancient Egyptian  style clothes quickly hit the markets and appeared in fashion magazines. Even architecture was affected when Egyptian designs were copied into modern buildings. The Curse The rumors and excitement over the discovery became especially acute when Lord Carnarvon became suddenly ill from an infected mosquito bite on his cheek (he had accidentally aggravated it while shaving). On April 5, 1923, just a week after the bite, Lord Carnarvon died. Carnarvons death gave fuel to the idea that there was a curse associated with King Tuts tomb.   Immortality Through Fame In all, it took Carter and his colleagues 10 years to document and clear out Tutankhamuns tomb. After Carter completed his work at the tomb in 1932, he began to write a six-volume definitive work, A Report Upon the Tomb of Tut ankh Amun. Carter died before he was able to finish, passing away at his home Kensington, London, on March 2, 1939. The mysteries of the young pharaohs tomb live on:  As recently as  March 2016,  radar scans  indicated that there may yet be hidden chambers not yet opened within King Tuts tomb. Ironically,  Tutankhamun, whose obscurity during his own time allowed his tomb to be forgotten, has now become one of the most well-known pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Having traveled around the world as part of an exhibit, King Tuts body once again rests in his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Sources Carter, Howard.  The Tomb of Tutankhamen. E.P. Dutton, 1972.Frayling, Christopher.  The Face of Tutankhamun. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1992.Reeves, Nicholas. The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1990.

Natural gas in Saudi Arabia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural gas in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example From recently however after compression it is pumped through pipes to its separate refinery. Natural gas like oil and coal are sources of non-renewable energy. The gas is usually pumped up from its underground deposit. It is channeled through pipes to a storage site. Common uses of natural gas include production of heat in industries and residential areas. It also serves the same purpose in the commercial area, in electrical power generation and fueling vehicles. Brief history Saudi Arabia is among the largest Arab states. It is located in western Asia. It is a country that is bordered by Iraq, Jordan, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Oman. It lies between the red sea and the persian gulf. It has a total surface area of 2.25 million square kilometres.It has population of 27 million people as per 2010 estimates.It is the 46th largest country in the world by population. Its yearly GDP is USD 733.14 billion as per 2012 estimates. This country is one among the leading worldâ €™s energy producer. It produces over 10 million barrels of liquid petroleum per day. A large percentage of this oil is exported. 90 % of the income of this country comes from petroleum exports. Saudi Arabia has approximately 260,000 million barrels of known oil . ... Major natural gas exporting countries are Algeria, Norway, UAE, Russia and Canada. Reserve estimation. Saudi Arabia is estimated to hold natural gas reserves that are 4.14% of the whole world. This is 7,835 bcm .50% to 60% of the natural gas in this country occurs with other petroleum deposits. The other percentage occurs combined with sulfur. Only a small percentage is developed from this mixture. In the world’s ranking its natural gas reserves are the fifth largest but in production of the gas they are 9th in position. They produce a paltry 3 % of the world gas. Compared to 13% of the world’s oil they produce. Oil fields The country has around 100 main gas and oil fields. Eight of these fields account for half of the oil reserves. The Ghawar field is the largest oil field in the world. It is about 1,260 sq. mile. A third of the world’s natural gas comes from this field while 57% of the gas in this country is mined from the field. Other fields where the gas is b eing produced include a giant onshore and offshore Zuluf fields and Safaniya. Safaniya Field has a reputation of being the largest offshore oil field. It is in the Persian Gulf. It produces 1200,000 barrels per day. It was discovered in discovered in 1951. Its natural gas reserve amounts to 152?109Â  m3. Shaybah Field is a giant field which is found in the Rub’Al-Khli desert. It was established in 1990. Materials to build it were gotten 800 kilometers away from its location. It has dwelling facilities for a thousand men, it has offices for administration, there is a recreation centre, airstrip and workshops. It is linked to radio system by 650 kilometer fibre optic. It has estimated 14,000 million of unrefined oil and 25,000 billion ft 3 of gas. It was established in

Why do people choose to support their local football team Essay

Why do people choose to support their local football team - Essay Example People pay tons of money for tickets to these football games and proudly march in wearing their jerseys and plenty of face paint ready to scream and yell for their team. These fans are relentless in their support and continue to return year after year win or lose. Football is a rare sport in that it spans across the whole world and is celebrated heavily by many, it has been around for centuries and from the turnout that football still has, football will be around for many more years to come. In the United States sports are seemingly spread everywhere. They have their own sections in the newspaper and you cannot walk into a bookstore without magazines with sports plastered on the front of them. Sports' Illustrated is recognized around the globe and its website is a good way for people to check scores and times for matches. "Soccer" isn't the countries leading sport per se but it is certainly recognized and played by millions of people. Sites like http://www.ussoccerplayers.com are available to avid fans of the U.S "soccer" team and to also keep watch on where the players will be traveling to. Being that the United States is arguably a melting pot society, "soccer" from Mexico is being shown on television quite frequently. The United States is just one country who participates and supports soccer but it is certainly not the custom that is it in other countries. In Mexico "soccer" is very much a part of their culture and because of their climate it can be played year round. In an article in the San Francisco Cronicle reporting on an area densely populated by people of Mexican descent they describe restaurants and gas stations filled with people trying to watch their respective teams. "Mexican soccer, maybe the Toluca Diablos Rojos versus the Pachuca Tuzos, plays nonstop on the overhead TVs. Young men stand in line at the glass booth in the corner, waiting to cash checks, buy smokes or send money home. Outside, a fruit vendor with a leathery face serves up Ziploc bags of pineapple and mango, sprinkled with lime, salt and chile" (Ness). In another article it is said that you cannot go anywhere in Puerto Vallarta without seeing children kicking around "soccer" balls and stores and restaurants with their televisions tuned to their local team. Mexico is one country who surrounds itself with "soccer" and has many teams that represent areas of Mex ico. Although there is one major team for the country, there are many smaller teams that the country supports. In Spain football is widely recognized and Madrid alone has 3 football teams. These teams are Real Madrid, Atletico de Madrid and Rayo Vallecano. Real Madrid was recognized by FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) as the best team of the Twentieth century (gomadrid.com). Tickets to these games are notoriously hard to obtain and have strict rules for ordering. First tickets are given to season ticket holders, then to club members, then a "special" fan card is given to some and they are able to order tickets. After this whole process, then the general public is allowed to purchase tickets and they are known to be gone within hours. Real Madrid plays in the Bernabu stadium which is dedicated to Santiago Bernabu who developed and planned the structure. The stadium has also hosted many

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law Essay Introduction Law plays important roles to protect benefits, obligations and bringing fair for everybody in society. This report gives information about tortuous liability, contractual liability, vicarious liability, the tort of negligence and defences. After that, I can determine liability of person who is responsible when violations as well as providing advices for the legal problems in business of VJSC. (3.1) Contrast liability in torts with contractual liability Tortuous liability will be applied when occurs the law violation of civil nature that infringes on the rights and legal interests of others as a legal entity or individual. In addition, the rights and legal interests are not specified in the contract between the parties. Contractual liability is the parties sign in the contract based on satisfy about agreement, negotiation and terms of contract. They are completely voluntary to enter into a contract and having contractual liability each other. The tortuous liability and contractual liability have the same point are violations of the law and suffer liability under civil law. The liable party has responsibility for compensation by payments for any losses from their wrong. Differences: Tortuous liability Contractual liability A law violation of non-contractual damages. Parties related to the violations which they have no contractual relationship with each other even they are strangers. Tort is the basis for generating tortuous liability so the person wronged has responsibility to any persons who are damaged from their behaviour. Cannot measure clearly the damages. Difficult to determine exactly compensation rate so the compensation will be based on the actual extent of damage occurred. A violation of the contents which parties signed in the contract. Parties have a close relationship because they have time for agreements and sign the contract together. If the breach of contract occurs that the person violated have a contractual liability to the other party of the contract. The damages can be quantitative because they are regulated in the contract. The compensation under the liquidated damage that means compensation which determined based on the formula and stipulations that the parties have agreed in the contract. (3.2) Explain the nature of liability in negligence (3.3) Explain how a business can be vicariously liable A human who lives in society must follow the provisions of law is having a duty of care by respecting and protecting the rights and benefit legal of others. Negligence is behaviour which infringes on the rights and legal interests of others. However, these behaviours are not deliberate actions by an individual or entity who did not perform well their reasonable care which bring the consequences of monetary damages or personal injury. To sue a person who violating behaviour of negligence, the claimant need to prove those factors: Defendant owes the claimant a duty of care. Defendant breaches the duty of care. The tort of negligence has to a direct reason that brings damage or loss for the claimant. Vicarious liability is many people who related to damage occurs will have responsibility for the damage by misconduct. In business, the relationship of employer and employee is an important part of vicarious liability because employers will have the strong financial capacity to compensation to the injured party. Therefore, employer will be the main responsible for damage caused by their employee prescribed by law. After that, the employee has to  refund that amount for employer. There are factors to determine vicarious liability between employer and employee: They have a valid relationship employment between employer and employee. Employee implements the tort act in the course of their work that base on the agreement and requirement of employer. Case 1: there are two problems occur. The first problem The VJSC software company engages SP an event management company to coordinate and provide corporate hospitality for event’s clients. Trinh Van is an employee of SP and he installs equipments needed to serve for event in time constraint so he did not completely testing for all equipments. Unfortunately, an explosion happens causing some guest got minor burns and damage to the software. However, Trinh Van had left the company just one week before the event. Explain the liability in negligence and vicariously liable of the first problem. The negligent in this case is Trinh Van did not have fully in checking and testing for those things installed in the event. Thus, Trinh Van had violated the duty of care because with the nature of his work that he has a reasonably foreseeable the damage and consequences. Therefore, Trinh Van also breach duty of care because he did not have fully tested so that two damages caused by the explosion are clients of VJSC got minor burns and damage their software. Although Trinh Van had left SP one week before the event but at the time he performed his work that he still an employee of SP so there was a relationship employment and vicarious liability between Trinh Van and SP. Therefore, SP will have responsibility for damage by explosion and then SP has the right to require Trinh Van refund the amount that SP paid for caused damage of Trinh Van. Follow case Lister and ors Hesley Hall Ltd 2001 (Course book,2010) Children resident of a boarding school sexual abused by warden. Thus, the school was vicariously liable for warden because the nature of this job is supervise students during learning process which  created connection with the acts of abuse. To compliance with regulations of the duty of care that Trinh Van has responsibility to implement regulations about in checking and testing things installed to make sure that do not have any damage is likely to occur for clients as well as any assets in the area of the event. The relationship between SP and VJSC is a contractor to perform the event. However, the damage caused by explosion not only for software but also with some guess of VJSC. Otherwise, VJSC is the main subject of the event and they are an occupiers’ liability in the event so they have to ensure the safe for visitors who enter in the event. Moreover, VJSC has work done by SP as an independent contractor so that they also have vicarious liability for damage of guesses. The second problem. SP hired a SECurity contractor to protect for performing the event. The security staff’s had a specific instruction not to let anyone without an invitation. In case, someone who tries to enter the event without the invitation so the staff should inform to SP who then contact VJSC staff to attend and resolve the problem. However, Van Dao tried to enter into the event during the commotion and he was caught by Truong La who was SECuritys staff. The result was Van Dao injured by violenty of Truong La. Explain the liability in negligence and vicariously liable of the second problem. The regulations of SECurity that if any security guys have problems with people who try to enter without invitation so they should radio a member of SP who then contact VJSC employee to solve that problem. However, Truong La did not follow those regulations of SECurity when Van Dao enter in the event. As a result of Van Dao tried to unlawfully enter in the event during the commotion that he was twisted the arm and threw to the ground by Truong La so he breached the duty of care. Instead of the tort act, Truong La should hold Van Dao to prevent him enter the event and then inform this problem to  member of SP. Truong La had a tort of negligence in work because he has a reasonable foreseeable about damage for his act with Van Dao. Thus, the SECurity company has a liability for damage of Van Dao because Truong La is an employee of SECurity so there was a relationship employment between them. After that, Truong La has a liability to refund the amount that SECurity paid for caused damage of Van Dao. Base on case Lister and ors Hesley Hall Ltd 2001 (Course book, 2010) However, the compensation liability for damage of Van Dao will be reduced because mistake of Van Dao and Truong La were considered as contributory negligence so there are some defences for the tort of Truong La as: Van Dao is a trespasser. Van Dao can also predict there will be damage to himself in trespassing. Van Dao also has mistake for intentional enter in the event.   In this case, even SP hired SECurity company and the relationship between them are contractor but SP is not an occupier of the event. Therefore, SP does not have a various liability with SECurity about the damage of Van Dao. (4.1) Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in the above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC (4.2) Apply the elements of vicarious liability in above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC Bui and Do was to pick Tran Vu up celebrate at petrol kiosk of Vu’s father where Vu works part time because Bui and Do completed of a software project. Suddenly rockets from an organized fireworks display fall into the petrol kiosk and garage forecourt of Vu’s father. It leads to the car of Bui and Do catch fire and two of them escapes but Do was trap short in the car so he felt shock and fainted. In other hand, Vu gets outside the office to save the vintage Vespa as requirement of his father is Tran Cao. However, Vespa was completely destroyed. Apply the element of negligence and defences and vicariously liable Event  organizer will be liable for damage because the duty of care of organising a fireworks display is ensuring that there is no damage about health, safe as well as assets of the other. However, they breached duty of care because the launch mechanism for rocket had wrong assembled by the event organizer but this event was taking place. Causing by the negligence of event organizer’s that leads to rockets from the fireworks event crashed into petrol kiosk and also catch fire to Bui’s car. After that, the fire spread in a short time so the vintage Vespa of Tran Cao was destroyed. In general, the main damage in this case about assets are petrol kiosk, scooter, car and there is no damage about human because Bui and Do escaped from the fire and they just feel a bit sick. We can find out defences for event organizer if they properly installed for the rockets launch mechanism and make sure that there is no mistakes from fireworks process so we can consider that the accident of Bui, Do, Vu and Tran Cao is an unavoidable accident because event organizer cannot be foreseen or predicted by the exercise of ordinary care for this kind of accident. Based on case Stanley and Powell 1891 (Course book,2010) The facts: In a shooting party, Powell fired at a pheasant. Unluckily, the bullet hit on a tree and a pellet glanced off a tree that bring injured for Stanley who are a beater of Powell. Decision: The defendant will not have liable with claimant because this accident is no one can anticipate. However, in the fact of this case that event organiser had not been properly assembled for rocket’s launch mechanism. Therefore, event organiser got mistakes in organizing fireworks process that causes for damage of petrol kiosk, car, scooter and human. In addition, the unavoidable accident just applies to the damage or injury which does not result from negligence. Therefore, we cannot apply defences for event organizer so they will be liable for damage caused by their negligence. To organize a fireworks display that event organizer will has lots employee for implementing. Therefore, with the damage occurred that lead to vicarious  liability between the event organiser and the employee who has responsibility for installation rocket’s launch mechanism because there was a relationship employment between them so the event organizer has a liability for damage caused by their employees. Beside that, Tran Cao told Tran Vu â€Å"take the fire extinguisher, get outside and put the fire out and save the scooter†(Scenario) but Tran Vu cared for the injure of his colleague so the scooter was completely destroyed. In this case Tran Cao is principal and Tran Vu is an agent so between Tran Cao and Tran Vu also exists vicarious liability with the damage of Tran Cao’s Vespa. Therefore, the vicarious liability between Tran Cao and Tran Vu also help the event organizer in reducing liability for damage of scooter because it considered as a contributory negligence from two sides. Follow case Ormrod Crossville Motor Service 1953 (Course book, 2010) A car owner asked a friend to drive his car to Monte Carlo for his work and then they were going to holiday. However, a damage to claimant’s bus occurred by the friend’s negligent driving. In this case, the friend was driving to Monte Carlo is for the car owner’s purpose so he was vicariously liable wi th his friend. Conclusion From this report, we can realize that anyone in society need to have the knowledge about tortuous liability to know the way to solve law problems in life and business activities. Moreover, we also understand the importance of duty of care as well as the unfortunate consequences of non-compliance of duty of care to remind everyone should more carefully when doing anything. References Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Introduction to types of tort, chapter 12. Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Business and economic tort – Negligence, chapter 13. Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Business and economic tort – Occupiers’ liability, chapter 13. Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Defences and remedies in tort – Unavoidable accident case Stanley and Powell 1891, chapter 14.